There are systems available for homogeneous terrain, off or near the shore, or even complex terrain with a high amount of additional turbulence stress that is induced onto the wind turbine's blades.Ī modern off-shore WEC delivers up to 12 MW of power in ideal conditions. Also the field of application has widely increased with WEC. Not only the amount of installed wind energy converters (WECs) is increasing but also the capacity of a single turbine. The wind energy sector has been growing worldwide for decades and the produced power from wind energy is still growing. This is especially interesting for set-ups of numerical simulations when setting the spatial resolution of the simulation grid. Quantifying blade-tip vortices helps to understand the process of vortices detaching from a rotor blade of a wind turbine, their development in the wake until finally dissipating in the far wake and contributing to overall atmospheric turbulence. Also a proposition of the model for WEC wake evaluations will be made to describe two independent co-rotating vortices. The circulation and core radius of detached blade-tip vortices will be calculated. The BH model will be used to describe wake vortex properties behind a wind energy converter (WEC). The model has its origin in aviation, where it describes two aircraft wake vortices spinning in opposite directions.Īn evaluation method is presented to measure detached-tip vortices with a fixed-wing UAS. The measured vortices are also compared to the analytical solution of the BH model for two vortices spinning in opposite directions. The presented data were captured under a dominating marine stratification about 2 km from the North Sea coastline with northern wind direction. From these measurements, the circulation and core radius of a pair of detached blade-tip vortices is calculated using the Burnham–Hallock (BH) wake vortex model. 312, 67 (1996).In the present study, blade-tip vortices have been experimentally identified in the wake of a commercial wind turbine using the Multi-purpose Airborne Sensor Carrier Mark 3 (MASC Mk 3) unmanned aircraft system (UAS) of the University of Tübingen.īy evaluation of the wind components, detached blade-tip vortices were identified in the time series. Follin, “The Structure and Development of a Wing-Tip Vortex,” J. Devenport, “Two-Point Measurements in Trailing Vortices,” AIAA Paper, No. Devenport, “Seven-Hole Pressure Probe Calibration Method Utilizing Look-Up Error Tables,” AIAA J. Durston, “Seven-Hole Cone Probes for High Angle Flow Measurement: Theory and Calibration,” AIAA J. Kolb, “Plume and Wake Dynamics, Mixing, and Chemistry behind an HSCT Aircraft,” AIAA Paper, No. Starodubtsev, “Controlling flows by mini-flaps,” in: Abstracts of International Conference “Fundamental problems of High-Speed Flows”, Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute, Moscow (2004), 259. Yang, “Computational Analysis of Wake Vortices Generated by a Notched Wing,” AIAA Paper, No. Faghani, “Near-Field Wing Tip Vortex Measurements via PIV,” AIAA Paper, No. Nickels, “Trailing Vortices from a Wing with a Notched Lift Distribution,” AIAA J. Spalart, “Active-Control System for Breakup of Airplane Trailing Vortices,” AIAA J. Graham, “Optimising Wing Lift Distribution to Minimize Wake Vortex Hazard,” Aeronaut. Rossow, “Lift-Generated Vortex Wakes of Subsonic Transport Aircraft,” Progr. Lawton, “Experimental Study of the Structure of the Wingtip Vortex,” AIAA Paper, No. Bradshaw, “Mean and Turbulence Measurements in the Near Field of a Wingtip Vortex,” AIAA J. Zheng, “Measurements in Rollup Region of the Tip Vortex from a Rectangular Wing,” AIAA J. Katz, “Near-Field Behavior of a Tip Vortex,” AIAA J.
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